Natural biological resources are vital for agriculture and long-term food security in Malaysia, making their conservation a national priority. This book explores innovative DNA-based methods for characterising biodiversity, using case studies on Malaysian fishes and plants. These techniques allow genetic identification of species, population analysis and stock delimitation. Each chapter, authored by leading Universiti Sains Malaysia’s researchers, provides essential insights into genetic markers and their applications across various organism groups. Whether for researchers, students or stakeholders in agriculture and conservation, this book offers invaluable knowledge for advancing genetic conservation efforts.