This book contains output from a research program funded by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) under the Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme (TRGS) Phase 1/2020. Since this publication was authored prior to the launch of NADMA Directive No. 1, any references made to the National Security Council Directive No. 20 throughout this book shall in future be referred to new directive instead. In the event of any discrepancies between the contents of this book and NADMA Directive No. 1, readers are advised to refer to the directive as the most current and authoritative source.